Monday, December 21, 2015

Cannabis May Be Best Treatment For Fibromyalgia

For a friend!

Cannabis May Be Best Treatment For Fibromyalgia

 Notice the cluster (Effectiveness) around Marijuana

(1)
In 2006, German scientists reported that the administration of oral THC significantly reduced both chronic and experimentally induced pain in patients with fibromyalgia. Subjects in the trial were administered daily doses of 2.5 to 15 mg of THC, but received no other pain medication during the study. Among those participants who completed the trial, all reported significant reductions in daily pain and electronically induced pain.

“We observe significant improvement of symptoms of FM in patients using cannabis in this study although there was a variability of patterns. This information, together with evidence of clinical trials and emerging knowledge of the endocannabinoid system and the role of the stress system in the pathophysiology of FM suggest a new approach to the suffering of these patients.”

(2)
In a world loaded with over the counter prescription drugs, a new study has found approximately 10 % of fibromyalgia patients choose to medicate with medicinal marijuana as a means of relieving their related discomforts such as insomnia, fatigue, and pain. About 13 percent of all 457 patients used cannabinoids, with 80 percent using marijuana. Smaller numbers used prescription cannabinoids, according to the study findings published online June 21 in the journal Arthritis Care & Research.

The report then goes on to point out that of the fibromyalgia patients who consumed medical marijuana in the fight for a reduced level of pain in their life, 72% claimed to only need about one gram of weed or less per day.

(3)
7 magnificent seven medical marijuana strains that represent a wide spectrum of cannabinoids available to help with pain reduction in fibromyalgia patients. These cannabinoids have several well-documented beneficial effects for many aliments.
BLACK JACK: This cross of Jack Horror and Black Domina is an excellent sativa dominate strain. great for depression and nausea. ? 9-THC 16.64% CBC .07% CBD .24% CBG 1.69% CBN .19%
CHEM 4: This Chemdog phenotype is an indica dominate strain great for severe pain. Starts off cerebral but quickly turns into couch lock. ? 9-THC 18.97% CBC .0% CBD .27% CBG 0% CBN .61%
SILVER PEARL: Northern Lights #5 x Skunk x Early Pearl. This sativa is great for migraines and productivity while being highly medicated ? 9-THC 22.18% CBC .08% CBD .30% CBG 0% CBN .94%
GRAPE APE Pure indica strain. Grape like smell and taste with a hint of skunk. Works for stress relief, nervousness, and chronic pain. ? 9-THC 16.64% CBC .07% CBD .24% CBG 1.69% CBN .19%
AK BERRY Sweet flavored cross of AK-47 and Blueberry. This hybrid has the sativa punch of AK with the pain relieving qualities of Blueberry ? 9-THC 15.69% CBC .02% CBD .36% CBG 0% CBN .54%
BLUE DREAM The name says it all. this hybrid is great for relaxing and daytime pain relief. light smooth blueberry and spice taste. ? 9-THC 18.46% CBC .04% CBD .31% CBG 0% CBN .28%
PERMAFROST Trainwreck and White Widow cross is a hybrid best for stress and anxiety. Smooth smoke that leaves you feeling energetic ? 9-THC 18.46% CBC .04% CBD .31% CBG 0% CBN .28%

(4)
Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome which is characterized by diffuse muscle and joint pain. Fibromyalgia may also be referred to as Fibromyositis or Fibrositis. In addition to the chronic pain common to most or all Fibromyalgia patients, Fibromyalgia symptoms may include insomnia, depression, skin conditions, hypoglycemia, a loss of mental acuity, fatigue, gentiurinary complications, and more. Many of these symptoms can be reduced or alleviated by using medical marijuana. Medical marijuana for Fibromyalgia patients works well due to the natural pain relieving properties of THC and other cannabinoids found in cannabis. A 2006 study found that THC, a primary substance found in medical marijuana, reduced both chronic pain and experimentally induced pain by at least 50 percent in all patients who completed the THC therapy trial. In addition, clinical trials found that Nabilone, a synthetic medical marijuana pill, reduced pain and anxiety significantly in Fibromyalgia patients.

While Nabilone is an option for people with Fibromyalgia who live in states where medical marijuana is not yet legal, patients in states with legal medical marijuana may well find medicinal marijuana to be more cost-effective than Nabilone, as well as more effective in relieving Fibromyalgia symptoms. Medical marijuana is also all-natural and usually distributed by locally owned small businesses, rather than pharmaceutical corporations.

(5)
Medical marijuana was compared with the only three drugs approved by the FDA for fibromyalgia: Savella, Lyrica and Cymbalta.

Just 8% of patients that tried Cymbalta and 10% that tried Lyrica or Savella found the drugs to be “very effective” for managing symptoms of the disorder.

For each of the three drugs, over 60% of patients reported that it “does not help at all.”
On the other hand, 62% of patients who tried medical marijuana found it to be “very effective.” Another 33% said it “helps a little,” and only 5% felt that using cannabis for fibromyalgia “does not help at all.”

(6)
More on the survey: The 1,339 people who participated in the survey were self-selected as fibromyalgia sufferers. Ninety-six percent of them were female.

(7)
A 2011 observational, case-control trial reported that the use of cannabis is associated with beneficial effects on various symptoms of fibromyalgia, including the relief of pain and muscle stiffness. Investigators at the Institut de Recerca Hospital del Mar in Barcelona, Spain, assessed the associated benefits of cannabis in patients with fibromyalgia compared with FM patients who did not use the substance. Twenty-eight users and non-users participated in the study.

Authors reported: "Patients used cannabis not only to alleviate pain but for almost all symptoms associated to FM, and no one reported worsening of symptoms following cannabis use. ... Significant relief of pain, stiffness, relaxation, somnolence, and perception of well-being, evaluated by VAS (visual analogue scales) before and two hours after cannabis self-administration was observed." Cannabis users in the study also reported higher overall mental health summary scores than did non-users. Investigators concluded: "The present results together with previous evidence seem to confirm the beneficial effects of cannabinoids on FM symptoms."

Previous clinical and preclinical trials have shown that both naturally occurring and endogenous cannabinoids hold analgesic qualities, particularly in the treatment of pain that is resistant to conventional pain therapies.

NORML has a list of related research articles all linked, I have posted one here for reference.

(8)
"Patients used cannabis not only to alleviate pain but for almost all symptoms associated to FM.” (Cannabis Use in Patients with Fibromyalgia: Effect on Symptoms Relief and Health-Related Quality of Life)

(9)
A very insightful article on why Marijuana works so well.

Women have more (endogenous THC) cannabinoid receptors than men. It is also believed that our endogenous THC network is responsible for our perception of reality. Michael Pollan wrote on that subject. This is based on survival mechanisms, and not just being high and irie.

Merry Meds To All!
Tomas DiFiore

"Copyright Disclaimer” Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976.

Allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use." § 107.Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include:
(1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
(2) the nature of the copyrighted work;
(3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
(4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

Tomas DiFiore
Mendocino Coast






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Monday, September 14, 2015

Copyright and Fair Use in blog posts, articles, public comments....

First Posted 12/07/2013 Updated 12/08/2014 Updated 09/14/2015

Copyright and Fair Use in blog posts, articles, public comments, the 'Official Public Record and Response to Comments' (including but not limited to: US EPA, CALFIRE, Resources Agency, California EPA, DOC, DOGGR, NOAA, various City and Local Governments, etc., etc., etc.,)
A-MAP
As much as possible, this blog intends to provide content that is both timely and useful. Information is presented in educational materials relating regional implications of global and local events, the details of which are necessary in the process of making public comments through available protocols to rulemaking decisions at the Federal, State, and local levels, and where ever appropriate, internationally.

There has been official governmental recognition of international cooperation (various States, countries, UN, and regional human rights charters by hemisphere) on Climate Change, and Human Rights, pollutants, and land use changes. Consumer markets do matter, and the origin of commodities, the extractive practices, along with production, environmental protection, transportation, and the cost-benefits to society. This blog may venture into matters of resource extraction, environmental impacts, public health concerns, human rights abuses, indigenous rights and access to community and tribal land areas, cumulative impacts to the natural world and all levels of biota, and the relationships between the sustainable marketplace and unsustainable politics. An effort is made to provide access to updated links to NGOs and individuals working to further global community pathways in communication and for translation from human experience and anecdotal evidence to geographic coordinates and science based comments.

Green Energy Refugees

Ecocidal And Ethnocidal Megaprojects - Food sovereignty is the right of peoples to nutritious and culturally appropriate, accessible food, produced in a sustainable and ecological manner and their right to decide on their own food and productive system.

Based on the North Coast of California, this blog, “Wild Indigenous Healthcare” may at times cover some of the technical data behind the headlines, some in more detail than others, as time or urgency allows. Links are always provided for public comment and any associated time lines.

FAIR USE NOTICES:
These pages may contain copyrighted (©) material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available to advance the understanding of ecological, political, and human rights implications regarding decisions affecting democratic participation in culturally related economic, scientific, moral, ethical, and social justice issues, etc. It is believed that this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, this material is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior general interest in receiving similar information.

Articles may contain copyrighted material the use of which may or may not have been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. The material on this blog, (Wild Indigenous Healthcare) http://wildindigenoushealthcare.blogspot.com/  is being made available in an effort to advance the understanding of environmental, political, economic, democratic, scientific, social, and cultural issues - thus seeking a more open and honest discussion.

Subjects covered are globally interconnected: Palm Oil, Hydraulic Fracturing - Steam Injection – Extreme Hydrocarbon Extraction, Forestry – Forest Ecology, Herbicides, Pesticides, Carbon Offsets, Land Grabs, Agriculture, Indigenous Sovereignty, Human Rights, Food Security, Ocean Toxicity, Global Warming and Climate Change, Chemtrails and Solar Radiation Management.

It is believed that this format constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research, comment, discussion and educational purposes by subscribing to USENET newsgroups or visiting web sites. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml

If anyone wishes to use copyrighted material from this blog/site, for individual purposes that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.

Public Comments and the "Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976.

Allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use." § 107.Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include:
(1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
(2) the nature of the copyrighted work;
(3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
(4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

Tomas DiFiore
Mendocino Coast

Posted 7th December 2013 Updated 12/08/14 Updated 09/14/15
Copyright and Fair Use, Wild Indigenous Healthcare, Public Comments,


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Monday, August 31, 2015

The Sustainable Use Of Pesticides



The Sustainable Use Of Pesticides

Pesticides and Herbicides are known as Plant Protection Products in Europe. There is plenty of confusion in the UK, and Italy, and France, and the entire European Union as to allowed, banned, and Candidate For Substitution alternatives. But the concept of the “Sustainable Use Of Pesticides” is fact, and written into law. From the EU Pesticide Database: The Sustainable Use Of Pesticides - Click on “National Action Plans” for Member States.

The 77 Candidates For Substitution (Allowed Active Substances)

The process of comparative assessment and substitution by Member States is expected to contribute to the use of plant protection products that require less risk mitigation and of non-chemical control or prevention methods. Overall it contributes to a more sustainable use of pesticides as foreseen by Directive 2009/128/EC. In the longer term, comparative assessment and substitution provide an additional incentive for the pesticides industry to further innovate and develop active substances and PPPs with less hazardous properties.

After 1 August 2015, Member States Authorities are required to apply comparative assessment to new applications for authorization, renewal or extension of use of a PPP containing a CfS. The publication of the CfS list does not have an impact on existing authorizations and does not trigger an immediate review of existing authorizations. On 1 August 2015, the overall process of comparative assessment and, where appropriate, substitution (see above) will start for new applications. However, it must be emphasized that:
- The active substances which meet the criteria for CfS remain approved active substances.

View Active Substances legal info:

The effort to cease the use of toxic compounds across 28 Member States has been a long quarter century struggle. There are updates for August 2015.

The European Commission is required by Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (‘the Regulation’)
to establish a list of substances identified as “candidates for substitution” (CfS). The list
identifies active substances with certain properties. For plant protection products (PPPs)
containing these active substances, Member States will be required to evaluate if they can be
replaced (substituted) by other PPPs.

From the EUROPEAN COMMISSION - HEALTH AND CONSUMERS DIRECTORATE-GENERAL “The European Commission is required by Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 to establish a list of substances identified as “candidates for substitution”. The list identifies active substances with certain properties.

For plant protection products (PPPs) containing these active substances, Member States will be required to evaluate if they can be replaced (substituted) by other adequate solutions (chemical and non-chemical). To prepare such a list, the Commission requested a consultant to prepare a report on the implementation of the criteria set by the Regulation. The report does not contain any official listing, but presents different options drawn from possible interpretations of the criteria.

Member States and stakeholders were consulted on the approach taken and on the input values taken to determine if an active substance qualifies to be a candidates for substitution. The information is grouped in a comprehensive database that will be updated on a regular basis. The current draft list contains 77 candidates for substitution.

In the UK, Imazapyr didn't make the list:

Approval Of Ative Substances, The List of 77 Approved CfS, Current Procedures

Go to bottom of page to view PDF documents

Under the Heading of Information and Raising Awareness is “Relevant National Links:

For each Member State shown, a PDF document loaded with links is provided categorized and well organized to assist in establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides.

In short, Imazapyr is not allowed on the European Marketplace for sale.

It is however available under an Essential Use Exemption. Non-essential use of pesticides refers to the use of pesticides for aesthetic reasons, primarily to maintain lawns and gardens. Essential use of pesticides refers to the use of pesticides to protect public health, protect forests against insect infestations or protect agricultural products from adverse impacts.

Exemptions abound even with the use of neonicotinoids. Previous research had found that the three pesticides; clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, posed an environmental risk when used as seed treatments or granules, prompting the European Commission to limit their use from Dec. 1, 2013. The use of the three neonicotinoid substances in seed or soil treatments is prohibited in the European Union for crops attractive to bees and for cereals other than winter cereals except in greenhouses. The European Crop Protection Association, which represents the European pesticide industry, has said the research was flawed.

NEW - A legal challenge has been launched on a British decision to allow some farmers to use neonicotinoids after London won an exemption from the EU restrictions. Those demanding greater protection for bees stress the insects' economic value. Some 75 percent of crops traded on the global market depend on pollinators and the value of pollination in Europe is estimated at 14.6 billion euros.

“Some things start good and go bad. Somethings start bad and stay bad. John Trudell

Even going back to the 2003 Directive which listed 320 chemicals for removal from the marketplace, Imazapyr remained available for Essential Use (exemption), as did Atrazine.

Pesticide Bans In The United States Of America

“In 1979, Mendocino County, California was one of the first local jurisdictions in the country to pass a pesticide ordinance, in this case prohibiting the aerial application of phenoxy herbicides, such as 2,4,5-T. The measure was passed after an incident in 1977 that resulted in herbicide drift on school buses nearly three miles away from the application site. A California State Supreme Court decision upheld the right of citizens to adopt more protective standards than the state and federal government. (The People v. County of Mendocino, 1984) The California legislature then adopted legislation to preempt that right. The issue of federal preemption of local ordinances made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in 1991 that federal law (the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, FIFRA) does not preempt local jurisdictions from restricting the use of pesticides more stringently than the federal government. (Wisconsin Public Intervenor v. Ralph Mortier) However, the ability of states to take away local authority was left in place. The pesticide lobby immediately formed a coalition, called the Coalition for Sensible Pesticide Policy, and developed model legislation that would restrict local municipalities from passing ordinances regarding the use or sale of pesticides on private property. The Coalition lobbyists descended upon states across the country, seeking and passing, in most cases, preemption legislation that was often identical to the Coalition’s wording.”

“Explicit Preemption. Twenty-nine states have nearly identical preemption language that explicitly preempts localities from adopting stricter legislation that would regulate the use of pesticides. Most states’ preemption clauses read similar to the American Legislative Exchange Council’s (ALEC) Model State Pesticide Preemption Act.” It states, “No city, town, county, or other political subdivision of this state shall adopt or continue in effect any ordinance, rule, regulation or statute regarding pesticide sale or use, including without limitation: registration, notification of use, advertising and marketing, distribution, applicator training and certification, storage, transportation, disposal, disclosure of confidential information, or product composition.” Escerpted from: Pesticides and You, Vol. 33, No. 3, Fall 2013.

Maryland is one of seven states that does not prohibit local governments from enacting protections from pesticides that are stricter than state laws.

Montgomery City Council Members in May 2015 “asked that hospitals in our County assume a leading role in increasing awareness of the health concerns regarding pesticides by voluntarily agreeing to eliminate their use on hospital grounds.”

According to the letter, “There are strong signals from leading medical professionals that there is a fundamental need to reduce the amount of pesticides to which individuals are exposed.” Efforts behind the county bill and this latest request for hospitals to limit toxic pesticide use are driven in large part by concerns that have been raised by concerned residents, as well as the medical community about the potential negative impacts of exposure to pesticides on human health.

In addition to this new request, the Council is considering “The Safe Lawn” Bill 52-14,

“The Safe Lawn” Bill was introduced last fall and would limit the use of non-essential pesticides on County lawns, certain athletic playing fields and County-owned public grass areas Council President Leventhal is the lead sponsor of the bill that is considered a landmark ordinance that would protect children, pets, wildlife, and the wider environment from the hazards of unnecessary lawn and landscape pesticide. The bill is supported by Safe Grow Montgomery, a local coalition of individual volunteers, organizations and businesses, working to prevent exposure to chemicals that run-off, drift, and volatilize from their application site, causing involuntary poisoning of children and pets, polluting local water bodies such as the Chesapeake Bay, and widespread declines of honey bees and other wild pollinators.

Now that's grassroots.

The corporate industrial solution by the application of Imazapyr leaves Dead Standing Trees, in forests intentionally killed, which have no ecological function, threatening fire hazards to local communities. How a tree dies is critical to it's use through the decay stages – whether standing or on the ground. It's size is important living or dead. Tan Oaks are a magnificent species. Tanoaks can form dense, sometimes nearly pure stands in early succession but is typically overtopped by conifers decades later, often becoming dominant in the subcanopy. Conifers regain dominance about 70 years after logging on mixed-evergreen sites in northern California. A 24-year study on a productive northern California site found tanoak seed production was more consistent than that of associated California black oaks (Quercus kelloggii) and Pacific madrones. Tanoak production was mostly light. Tanoak acorn production in a heavy seed year ranged from 220,000 to 420,000 sound acorns/ha. Annual number of acorns/tree can range from 3,900 to 110,000. Mean annual production of tanoaks between 18 and 24 inches (46-61 cm) in DBH is estimated at 3,900 to 4,600 acorns. Studies in Oregon and northern California found over 99% of tanoak acorns were consumed (Thornburgh 1994).

Mendocino Redwood Company has a glossy PR coating, convincing even Greenpeace. In it's Case Study number 04, “FSC AT Work” of the Forest Stewardship Council Certification of MRC, actually states: 1) Abiding by FSC’s Principle 6, Mendocino Redwood Company (MRC)’s forest management plan prohibits logging of the endangered northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) habitat, 2) As required by FSC Principle 6, MRC explored alternatives to a minimal use of Imazapyr, and carefully weighed environmental concerns including not using the herbicide in watercourse protection zones. MRC plans to phase out the use of the chemical by 2020.

Again: “As required by FSC Principle 6, MRC explored alternatives to a minimal use of Imazapyr, and carefully weighed environmental concerns including not using the herbicide in watercourse protection zones.”

“MRC lists the amount of chemical usage on its website, monitors chemicals in the water table, doesn’t use the herbicide within the watercourse protection zones, and plans to phase out the use of the chemical by 2020. As a result of local concerns, certifying body SCS published a thorough discussion of the use of Imazapyr and found that MRC retained adequate levels of tanoak in areas treated with the chemical and that, for the most part, MRC’s use of the chemical did not present a non-conformance with relevant FSC indicators. The certifying bodies did, however, issue a Minor Corrective Action request to ensure that a MRC employee with a chemical application license would be present during the Imazapyr applications 100% of the time, and that MRC provides additional training to ground crews.”
Footnotes: Mendocino Redwood Company, Key Policies: Herbicides 2013. Available at:
additional footnotes:
Grady, Brendan, Scientific Certification Systems (2012) op cit., p 18.
Citation: Greenpeace – April 2014 FSC At Work Case Study number 04

Actually Mendocino Redwood Company had no input or consideration to make regarding the use of Imazapyr near watercourses, riparian zones, stream banks, or wet areas - New York and California are the only two States that prohibit Imazapyr's use near watercourses, riparian zones, stream banks, or wet areas. This can be found on the label and MSDS for Imazapyr.

MRC states in it's THP's under “Cumulative Impacts” that “no herbicide use is not a feasible option”. Their argument is based on a scenario of loss. MRC fears losing 30 percent to 70 percent of growth in a location in one year. But loss of growth doesn't mean anything. The highest growth rates occur when trees are real young and there is no merchantable volume. Sounds like an inverse proportional statement to Cumulative Mean Annual Increment of growth – where the growth rate is minimal, but growth in terms of volume as a percent of inventory is huge.

MRC has adaptively managed it's data to certified newspeak green leveraged heights for Redwood Certification.

And my favorite Greenpeace endorsement:
“To meet FSC’s requirement for well managed forests, MRC uses a silvicultural method called “variable retention” which retains 10 percent to 50 percent of the original tree stands.” “MRC’s conifer inventory has increased by 41 percent over the initial inventory in its 15 years of operation.”

Under MRC's Option A, (the rules the company authored for itself as the Option A allows under the FPR), it receives a bonus for each use of Variable Retention. That 10 percent and 30 percent or 50 percent is calculated at one and one half times the actual acreage and board feet towards total landscape wide inventory (HCP area). So they take 3 percent of landscape out for roads, and multiply these minor aggregate stands of what's left by 150 percent and voila... conifer inventory is recovering quickly, but only in the columns and ledgers. (Aggregate Retention stands are what they are called under Variable Retention)

By invoking the 'Copyright Disclaimer' Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use."

§ 107. Limitations on exclusive rights- Fair use: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include (1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and (4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

If you or anyone wish to use copyrighted material from this article for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.

Tomas DiFiore





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Tuesday, March 31, 2015

Imazapyr: Frill Treatments, Cut Stump Application, Hack and Squirt

From: Comments THP 1-14-148MEN, application of herbicide.

Herbicide applications alter the forest ecosystem on all trophic levels. On the microbial level, growth and function are dramatically diminished after herbicide applications. Both the essential bacteria which fix nitrogen in soil, and the micorrhizal fungi which facilitate nutrient uptake by a plant's root system are inhibited by most herbicides. Bacteria and fungi have similar metabolic functions to higher plants, and so are affected by herbicides in similar ways.

After an herbicide application, the early successional plant species which prevent erosion and nutrient leaching from soil die. Loss of their stabilizing root structure leads to an increase in water movement through the soil, increased nutrient loss, and increased erosion from the spray site. In fact, soil nutrient loss from forest areas treated with herbicides has been shown to be greater than loss after either clearcutting or clearcutting followed by burning. The effect of herbicide treatments on soil quality and nutrient uptake by plants is compounded by the persistence of certain herbicides in soil. The half life of the herbicide imazapyr in soil is calculated as 49.5 months,

MRC should consider the news from San Francisco January 12, 2014:
Under the Natural Areas Program, UCSF, which owns and manages most of Mt Sutro Forest, recently decided not to use pesticides there. This may make it the only wild land in San Francisco that is reliably free of pesticides.
http://sutroforest.com/2013/12/12/ucsf-no-pesticides-for-mount-sutro-forest/


IMAZAPYR
"Classified as a Tier II (More Hazardous) chemical by the San Francisco Department of the Environment, this is another pesticide used mainly by NAP. In 2013, NAP accounted for 97% of the imazapyr used by SFRPD. NAP started using Imazapyr even before the SF DoE had approved its use. The main issues with it are that plants push it out through their root system, so that it can spread and affect other plants; it is very persistent. Its breakdown product is a neurotoxin."

According to a BASF Safety Data Sheet from Europe, it’s “Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.” However, a BASF Material Safety Data Sheet from the US says, “There is a high probability that the product is not acutely harmful to fish. There is a high probability that the product is not acutely harmful to aquatic invertebrates. Acutely harmful for aquatic plants.”

Imazapyr is sold under the brand name of “Habitat” when it’s for Native Plant Restoration. Its other trade names are slightly less benign: Chopper. Stalker. Arsenal. Assault.

The 2005 Jackson Demonstration State Forest management plan states: Imazapyr is sold under the trade names of Chopper or Arsenal in California.

This product can be applied by air, but primarily is applied by low-volume hand-held spray equipment as a foliar, basal stem treatment, cut stump treatment, tree injection, or frill. It controls plant growth by preventing the synthesis of amino acids. Action is slower than some other herbicides and can take several months or longer. Imazapyr can remain active in the soil for 6 months to 2 years. It is strongly adsorbed in soil and usually found only in the top few inches. Imazapyr is degraded in soils primarily by microbial action. It is soluble in water. It has a low potential for leaching into ground water. Like other herbicides the potential for movement into streams via stormflow can be reduced by utilizing a no-application streamside management zone.

The half-life of imazapyr in water is about 4 days (SERA, 1999b).

Imazapyr is practically nontoxic to fish and invertebrates (Table 1, Ecotoxicological Categories). EPA has approved an aquatic label in some states. Imazapyr is not expected to accumulate or build up in aquatic animals (I.V. 1995). Imazapyr is considered practically non-toxic to mammals and birds (Category IV, Table 1). Its toxicity to bees is believed to be similar to mammals. Risk to non-target plants may be slightly higher than other herbicides because of its soil activity. 

And from: Agricultural Chemistry Research And Extension, Dept of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology; Oregon State University; National Institute of Health Services, Environmental Health Sciences Center - Community Outreach Program, OSU-

For Comparative purposes, the EPA categorizes pesticides by their short term toxicity on a scale of 1 (most toxic) to 4 (least toxic). Most undiluted imazapyr formulations are Toxicity Category 4. "Imazapyr may be persistent in soils. Reported half-lives range from 14 days to 17 months. In forestry dissipation studies, reported values for the half life of Imazapyr range from 14 – 44 days in forest litter, 19 – 34 days in forest soils, and 12 – 40 days on plants.”

“Water soluble, it is highly mobile in soils, and can travel through soil with water and enter groundwater. It can also move with runoff and enter surface water. Forestry uses should be evaluated for potential surface and groundwater contamination.”

“The EPA advises, not to walk through freshly-sprayed vegetation. Do not eat berries or mushrooms, or other edibles, or drink the water from newly treated areas.”

 

PRACTICALLY NON-TOXIC

It’s water-soluble, and moves through soil to get into groundwater. “Traces of imazapyr were detected in the groundwater even 8 years after application,” according to a study by scientists from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. (Pest Management Science, June 2004.) Full report is incorporated by reference.

"The long‐term fate of the herbicide imazapyr [2‐(4‐isopropyl‐4‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐2‐imidazolin‐2‐yl)nicotinic acid] applied to a Swedish railway embankment was studied. Imazapyr was applied at 750 and 1500 g ha−1 by a spraying train used for full‐scale herbicide treatment operations. Soil and groundwater were sampled twice a year for 8 years after application of the herbicide, and the dissipation of imazapyr was studied by HPLC analysis of the residues in soil and groundwater. A clean‐up procedure including solid‐phase extraction was performed prior to detection by HPLC. Recoveries of imazapyr from soil and water samples were 76–98% and 61–90%, respectively, and detection levels were 0.003 mg kg−1 and 0.05 µg litre−1, respectively. Sorption, desorption and microbial amount and activity were also measured at the two locations. The organic matter content correlated positively and the pH negatively to the adsorption of imazapyr on soil, and increasing organic matter contents decreased desorption. Apart from the 0–10‐cm top layers of both sites, the microbial amount and activity were small. The main proportion of imazapyr was found in the upper 30 cm of the soil, and degraded with a half‐life in the range 67–144 days."

"Small amounts were transported to lower soil layers and to the groundwater in proportion to the amounts applied. Traces of imazapyr were detected in the groundwater even 8 years after application. It was concluded that environmental risks from the use of herbicides on railway embankments could be reduced by including adsorption layers in the embankment during their construction and by reducing the dose of the herbicide used. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry - The Fate Of Imazapyr In A Swedish Railway Embankment - Source: Pest Management Science, Volume 60, Number 6, June 2004, pp. 544-549"

While the Swedish study is a broadcast spray scenario, that Imazapyr is pushed out through the roots into the soil is known and is relevant.

What is the environmental fate of the tree foods? Madrone berries, manzanita berries, oak acorns, this must be considered if herbicides are to be applied. The only other timeframe limitation is wet weather and spring (sap flows). The application of herbicides affects foraging for the NSO. With 11 NSO activity centers in the plan, has this concern been considered by MRC and CDFW?

In fact, some plants actually push it out, so it gets into the tangled roots below the soil and kills other plants. From the Nature Conservancy’s Weed Control Methods handbook: “… imazapyr may be actively exuded from the roots of legumes (such as mesquite), likely as a defense mechanism by those plants… the ability of imazapyr to move via intertwined root grafts may therefore adversely affect the surrounding desirable vegetation with little to no control of the target species.”

From: Agricultural Chemistry Research And Extension, Dept of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology; Oregon State University - National Institute of Health Services, Environmental Health Sciences Center - Community Outreach Program, OSU

For Comparative purposes, EPA categorizes pesticides by their short term toxicity on a scale of 1 (most toxic) to 4 (least toxic). Most undiluted imazapyr formulations are Toxicity Category 4.

“May be persistent in soils. Reported half-lives range from 14 days to 17 months. In forestry dissipation studies, reported values for the half life of Imazapyr range from 14 – 44 days in forest litter, 19 – 34 days in forest soils, and 12 – 40 days on plants. Water soluble, it is highly mobile in soils, and can travel through soil with water and enter groundwater. It can also move with runoff and enter surface water. Forestry uses should be evaluated for potential surface and groundwater contamination.”

The half-life of imazapyr in water is about 4 days (SERA, 1999b). (JDSF 2005)

From: CalEPPC 2003, Imazapyr: CalEPPC 2003, Considerations for the Control of Invasive Plants - Imazapyr Wildlife Toxicity – Full report is incorporated by reference.

Stalker, Chopper, Arsenal, Habitat

? Quail 8 day diet LC 50 >5000ppm
? Duck 8 day diet LC 50 >5000ppm
? Honey bees LD 50 >100 Mg/bee
? Earth worm 14 day LC 50 >132.5ppm

Imazapyr - Environmental Fate

? Soil half life 25-142 days
? Microbial Degradation
? Water half life 2-3 days
? Soil mobility 12-18 inches vertically/no lateral movement

So we see that impacts to the food chain are inevitable. The chart above is from the EPA and represents toxicity tests where 50 percent died in control groups. That is the legally allowable toxicity level for use. That 50 percent includes a 10 percent natural mortality in control groups. If more than 50 percent die, the active ingredient is not allowed for use.

Mendocino Redwood Company needs to end herbicide use on it's ownership.

From the IMAZAPYR Specimen Label

STUMP AND CUT STEM TREATMENTS
Imazapyr will control undesirable woody vegetation in forest management when applied as a water solution to the cambium area of freshly-cut stump surfaces or to cuts on the stem of the target woody vegetation. Applications can be made at any time of the year except during periods of heavy sap flow in the spring. Tree injection and cut stem treatments are most effective in late summer and early fall. DO NOT over-apply to cause run-off or puddling of spray solution.

APPLICATION WITH DILUTE SOLUTIONS:
For cut stump treatments: Spray or brush the solution onto the cambium area of the freshly cut stump surface. Thoroughly wet the entire cambium area (the wood next to the bark of the stump).

For tree injection treatments: Using standard injection equipment, apply 1 milliliter of solution at each injection site around the tree with no more than one inch intervals between cut edges. Insure that the injector completely penetrates the bark at each injection site.

For frill or girdle treatments: Use a hatchet, machete or similar implement to make cuts
through the bark around the tree at intervals no more than two inches between cut edges.
Spray or brush mazapyr solution into each cut until thoroughly wet.

APPLICATION WITH CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS:
For tree injection treatments: Using standard injection equipment, apply 1 milliliter of solution at each injection site. Make at least one injection cut for every three inches of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) on the target tree. For example, a three inch DBH tree will receive 1 injection cut while a six inch DBH tree will receive 2 injection cuts. On trees requiring more than one injection site, place the injection cuts at approximately equal intervals around the tree.

For hack and squirt treatments: Use a hatchet, machete or similar implement to make cuts
at a downward angle completely through the bark and cambium at approximately equal intervals around the tree. Make at least one cut for every 3 inches of DBH on the target tree as described above, using a squirt bottle, syringe, or similar device apply about 1 milliliter of concentrate solution into each cut, ensuring that the solution does not run out of the cut.

It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.

Employ People, Not Poisons
Tomas DiFiore
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Imazapyr: Banned or Regulated in Europe?

Imazapyr: Banned or Regulated in Europe?

(Ed note) While walking the Halfway to Hell's Gate THP near Comptche in Mendocino County with about 15 community members, the RPF stated (in an answer) that Imazapyr wasn't actually banned in Europe. And that got me to researching... and often, it seems, that there are those who are concerned about herbicide use, who excite a trend towards some perceived truth, but inaccuracy leaves any argument to fail in the moment.

And as to the use of Imazapyr, or a ban on it's use in Europe, the RPF is correct.

In 2003, the European Union (EU) took positive steps to regulate the safety of pesticides. Several hundred pesticide active ingredients were withdrawn from the European marketplace in accordance with Council Directive 91/41/EEC Directive. In addition, European Regulation No 304/2003, which implements the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC Convention) requiring certain notifications for banned or severely restricted pesticides.

The active ingredients that were withdrawn from registration were to be phased out in Europe. These active ingredients may no longer be sold after 24 July 2003. Farmers and users had until 31 December 2003 to either use or dispose of stocks. An active ingredient can qualify as an essential use product, and may still be used for a limited purpose if “additional technical evidence has been provided demonstrating the essential need for further use of the active substance and the absence of an efficient alternative. It's use as such should be restricted to the control of harmful organisms for which no efficient alternatives exist.”

According to the European Union an essential use product may be used until 30 June 2007 provided that:
-it does not have any harmful effect on human or animal health and no unacceptable influence on the environment
-it is relabeled in order to match the restricted conditions
-Member States impose all appropriate risk mitigation measures to reduce any possible risks
-alternatives are being seriously sought

Many of the non-sponsored active ingredients are dangerous to both human health and the environment and will still be exported or sold in other areas of the world. Information regarding the hazards of these active ingredients should be shared with other countries so that they too may make informed decisions about registration.

The EU Directive 91/414 - The Directive regulates the registration, sale, and approval of plant protection products in the European Union. One of the key objectives is to review all active substances used in pesticides to determine the risk or harm to human health and the environment. 
Responsibility for conducting health and safety testing lies with the producer.
Currently 320 active ingredients are being withdrawn rather than being tested. The rationale for not sponsoring an active ingredient varies. Some of the actives are considered obsolete by the World Health Organization (WHO) – such as benodanil, carbophenothion, and prothiocarb. Others are no longer profitable for the manufacturers or are no longer registered in individual Member States. In addition, some of the active ingredients have known environmental or health effects that would preclude them from being re-registered, and therefore the manufacturers have decided it is not in their interest to conduct further testing but simply to withdraw the registrations.

Imazapyr

Defining a ban

The (Prior Informed Consent) PIC Convention defines a banned chemical as a chemical all uses of which, within one or more categories, have been prohibited by final regulatory action in order to protect human health or the environment. It includes a chemical that has been refused approval for first-time use or has been withdrawn by industry either from the domestic market or from further consideration in the domestic approval process and where there is clear evidence that such action has been taken in order to protect human health or the environment.
Regulation 304/2003 implementing the PIC Convention defines a banned chemical as a chemical that has been withdrawn by industry either from the Community market or from further consideration in a notification, registration, or approval process and where there is evidence that the chemical raises concerns for human health and the environment. This definition takes in many of the actives being withdrawn in 2003.
Even an active ingredient still permitted under the essential usage exemption may qualify for incorporation into the PIC Convention if it poses health or environmental problems. Under the Regulation 304/2003, an active ingredient restricted to an essential use falls within the definition of a severely restricted chemical:

A severely restricted chemical is a chemical that has, for virtually all uses, been ... withdrawn by industry either from the Community market or from further consideration in a notification, registration or approval process; and where there is evidence that the chemical raises concern for human health or the environment.

Substances Banned In The Eu Market

Pesticides with essential uses have not been given EU-wide approval. Certain countries have been given an extension (or derogation) for one or more essential uses for the active ingredient on specific crops. Member States are expected to explore alternatives to their use and to report on progress in substituting less harmful products or methods.

As shown on the page at the link above, a table presents pesticides banned or severely restricted in EU as a consequence of the application of Directive 79/117/EEC, Council Regulation 805/2004/EC and Directive 91/414/EEC (49 in total).

Directive 79/117/EEC can be regarded as the predecessor of Directive 91/414/EEC and concerns the prohibition of active substances which, even if applied in an appropriate manner could give rise to harmful effects. Council Regulation 850/2004/EC regards persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and implements the Stockholm Convention in EU.

Council Regulation 304/2003/EC concerns the export and import of dangerous chemicals and implements the Rotterdam Convention.

It provides for the notification to importers of any products banned under Directive 79/117/EEC or included in a Prior Informed Consent (PIC) list of the Rotterdam Convention.

The Regulation does not itself ban any chemicals, but with amending Directives (1212/2003 and 775/2004) reflects the regulatory status of chemicals under other EU legislation (79/117/EEC, 91/414/EEC, 850/2004/EEC or the Biocides Directive).

Essential Uses

Pesticides have been given a ‘derogation’ or exemption for what farmers and growers have convinced the regulators are essential uses. Each EU country has nominated specified pesticides (for example 14 for the UK) that will only be permitted for use on specified crops.

Imazapyr can be procured for essential use 835/04, 2076/2002.

To find out more visit The Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Pesticide Database - a one-stop location for toxicity and regulatory information for pesticides.

Here is a direct link to the EU partners data!

And the “List of Lists” which is a catalog of lists of pesticides identifying those associated with particularly harmful health or environmental impacts which can be downloaded free from the PAN UK website.

North America Pesticide Hazards Database

PAN North America’s on-line database is easy to use and contains a wealth of information on health and environmental impacts, from US EPA and other sources, and is searchable by active ingredient and product name.

And on a final note, updated to 2014, Imazapyr, Identification, toxicity, use, water pollution potential, ecological toxicity and regulatory information:

I don't personally see the need for use of herbicides in the Redwood Region. Older, larger trees, larger diameters, slower growth at older ages – the returns are larger volumes per acre.

Tan Oaks (which can live to be 800 years) are part of the nutrient rich feedstock for forest soils in the natural succession of re-colonization of the cut-over, burned landscape from which our rivers flow.

Employ People, Not Poisons.
Tomas DiFiore
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